What process describes the direct transition of water vapor to ice on a cold surface?

The correct answer is deposition, which is the process of water vapor transitioning directly into ice without first becoming liquid. This phenomenon occurs when water vapor in the air encounters surfaces that are cold enough for the vapor to lose energy rapidly, leading to the formation of ice crystals. Deposition is commonly observed in nature, such as when frost forms on cold surfaces during chilly nights.

Sublimation is the process of transition from solid to gas, while condensation refers to the change from gas to liquid. Evaporation describes how liquid water changes to vapor. None of these processes accurately capture the direct conversion of water vapor to ice, which is why deposition is the correct term in this context.