What is the impact of fog on flight operations?

Fog significantly impacts flight operations primarily by reducing visibility. When fog forms, it creates a thick layer of moisture in the air, which can diminish how far pilots can see both on approach to landing and during takeoff. This reduced visibility makes it challenging for pilots to visually reference the runway or other aircraft, thus complicating crucial phases of flight that rely heavily on clear sight lines.

Additionally, because aviation safety relies on a combination of visual and instrument flying, fog conditions often necessitate increased reliance on instruments for navigation and landing, further complicating operations. This situation can lead to delays, diversions, or cancellations of flights, as airlines prioritize safety and adhere to regulations concerning minimum visibility requirements for takeoffs and landings.

While fog does not enhance visibility or contribute positively to instrument approaches, and it certainly does not prevent the formation of ice on wings, its primary effect remains the significant reduction of visibility, thereby complicating crucial operational aspects of flight.